Proximity to Golf Courses and Risk of Parkinson's Disease

Caveats of Case-Control Methodology

Jul 25, 2025

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By Peter A. McCullough, MD, MPH

Part of practicing medicine is a commitment to lifelong learning with review of journal manuscripts on a daily basis. A case-control study hit my desk of interest finding an association between living near a golf course and Parkinson’s disease. Immediately the authors gravitate to a biological explanation for the association, for example, use of pesticides on golf courses and increased concentration in water run off that finds its way into potable water.

Krzyzanowski B, Mullan AF, Dorsey ER, Chirag SS, Turcano P, Camerucci E, Bower JH, Savica R. Proximity to Golf Courses and Risk of Parkinson Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 May 1;8(5):e259198. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.9198. PMID: 40338549; PMCID: PMC12062912.

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